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North Carolina Department of Agriculture 



LI§S 



BIOLOGICAL DIVISION ^tf>£ 






REGULATIONS 



FOR THE 



Control of Contagious Diseases 
of Livestock 



OFICIAL NOTICES, ADVICE, AND 
STATE STOCKLAW MAP 



ISSUED MAY 1, 1900 



'uthorized by the State Board of Agriculture, December 7, /8pp. 



'ies of these Regulations or of the Department Bulletins are sent free on application to the 
Commissioner of Agriculture, Raleigh, N. C. 



STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE 



OF 



NORTH CAROLINA. 



John S. Cuningham, Chairman, Cuningham, N. C. 



C. McArtan Lillington. 

R. H. Jones Raleigh. 

A. T. MoCallum Red Springs. 

W. A. Graham Machpelah. 

J. W. Bailey Raleigh. 

L. G. Waugh ...Dobson. 

N. L. Barnard Franklin. 

J. B. Coffield .Everetts. 

W. R. Capehart Avoca. 

J. A. Stevens Goldsboro. 

J. C Bunch ..Oak Ridge. 



G. F. Weston Biltmore. 

J. B. Grimes Grimesland. 

W. C. Sprinkle Marshall. 

Howard Browning Littleton. 

J. D. Maultsby Whiteville. 

J. C. L. Harris Raleigh. 

H.E.King Raleigh. 

J. R. Joyce .Reidsville. 

Geo. E. Flow Monroe. 

S. F. Shore Shore. 

J. C. Ray Boone. 



EXECUTIVE 



IITTEE: 



John S. Cuningham, Chairman ex-officio. 
J.B.Grimes. L.G. Waugh. 

W. A. Graham. Geo. F. Weston. 

A. T. McCallum. J. C. L. Harris. 



FINANCE COMMSTTEE: 
J . B . Coppield, Chairman. 



N. L. Barnard. 
J.A.Stevens. 



W. R. Capehart. 



By transfer 
MAY 7 1908 






^ 



^s 



COMMITTEE ON LIVE STOCK CONTROL: 

Geo. F. "Weston, Chairman. 
J. C. Bunch. N. L. Barnard. 

W. C. Sprinkle. O. McArtan. 



COMMITTEE ON INSECT PESTS: 

N. L. Barnard, Chairman. 

L. G. WAUGH. J. B. COFFIELD. 

J. A. Stevens. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE: 

Commissioner .'.. S. L. Patterson. 

Assistant Commissioner J. W. Thompson. 

Secretary ...T. K. Bruner. 

Chemist B. W. Kilgore. 

Veterinarian Cooper Curtice. 

Entomologist, etc Gerald McCarthy. 



CONTENTS. 



Page. 

Title page - -- 1 

Officers of the Bsard 2 

Committees _ . . 3 

Officers of Department 3 

Authority for adopting Regulations 5 

Regulations for control of contagious diseases of livestock 6 

Proclamation of the Commissioner for 1900 11 

Interstate livestock traffic resolution 11 

Notice to livestock breeders of North Carolina 12 

transportation companies 13 

livestock sanitary authorities _ 15 

Stocklaw map 17 

Control of contagious diseases ^ . ^ 20 

The State Fair 21 

How to get free traffic for cattle 23 

Letter to buyers of improved cattle 24 

Burial of carcasses 25 

Some facts about cattle ticks 26 

How to kill ticks _.. 28 

To avoid ticks. 29 

To prevent seed ticks 30 

Tick fever and treatment- 30 

The town-cow disease 32 



Authority for Adopting Regulations. 



(Laws of 1899, Chapter 377.) 



The General Assembly of North Carolina do enact: 

Section 1. That chapter (85) eighty-five of the public laws of 
eighteen hundred and ninety-seven (1897) and all other laws incon- 
sistent with this act be and the same are hereby repealed. 

•x * * * * # 

Sec. 7. The Board (of Agriculture) shall investigate and promote 
such subjects relating to the improvement of agriculture, the bene- 
ficial use of commercial fertilizers and composts, and for the induce- 
ment of immigration and capital, as they may think proper, but they 
are especially charged — 

(1) With such supervision of the trade in commercial fertilizers 
as will best * * * 

(2) With investigations adapted to promote the improvernent of 
milch and beef cattle, and especially investigations relating to dis- 
eases of cattle and other domestic animals, and shall publish and dis- 
tribute from time to time information relative to any contagious 
diseases of stock and suggest remedies therefor, and shall have power 
in such cases to quarantine infected animals, to regulate the transpor- 
tation of stock in this State, or from one section of it to another ; and 
may cooperate with the United States Department of Agriculture in 
establishing and maintaining cattle districts or quarantine lines, to 
prevent the infection of cattle from splenic or Spanish fever. Any 
person willfully violating such regulations shall be guilty of a mis- 
demeanor. 

(3) **.*** * 

Sec. 18. This act shall be in force from and after its ratification. 
In the General Assembly read three times and ratified this 1th day 
of March, A. D. 1899. 



REGULATIONS 



FOR THE 



Control of Contagious Diseases 
of Livestock. 



Adopted December 7th, 1899. 



area. 



tonsportlti^on 6 Section 1. The annual regulations and amendments 
thereof of the United States Department of Agriculture 
concerning interstate cattle transportation are hereby 
adopted as a portion of the regulations of this Board dur- 
ing such time as said regulations are in force. 

nshtog d in f fe e cted Sec. 2. The Commissioner of Agriculture shall an- 
nually prepare a true map of the infected district of this 
State and establish such cattle districts or quarantine lines 
and fix such dates as will comply with the Federal laws 
and regulations of the United States Secretary of Agricul- 
ture and the regulations of this Board, and on or before 
December 1st of each year shall forward said map or 
description of said cattle districts and quarantine line and 
a copy of the regulations of this Board, duly authenticated 
and certified, to the United States Secretary for his ap- 
proval. Upon the acceptance of said laws, regulations, 
cattle districts, quarantine lines, and dates by the United 
States Secretary of Agriculture, the Commissioner shall 
make such publication of them as will, in his opinion, be 
sufficient to fully proclaim said districts, lines and dates, as 
well as such changes as may be made in the regulations 
governing them, to the cattle men of the area involved. 
The Commissioner shall further make, in cooperation with 
the United States Secretary of Agriculture, suck modifica- 
tions of said districts, lines, dates or regulations as emer- 



gencies arising may demand. The term cattle, as used in Deflnitlon cattle, 
these regulations, shall include bulls, oxen, steers, cows, 
heifers, yearlings and calves. 

Sec. 3. ~No cattle shall be transported, driven or caused 
to be driven or allowed to 1 stray from any place in the quar- 
antined district of this State, as determined according to 
section 2, into those districts exempted from the Federal 
quarantine by the United States Secretary of Agriculture 
between such dates as the said Secretary and the Commis- 
sioner of Agriculture shall determine upon: Provided., f r afflc°wuhin attle 
that this order shall not apply to cattle transported by rail state ' 
consigned through such exempted districts to other States, 
which are transported in accordance with the Federal reg- 
ulations relating to interstate transportation of cattle. 

Sec. 4. ISTo cattle originating in the area of other States ^anceof clttie 
proscribed by the Secretary of Agriculture of the United autrictifof other 

. , ,.».,. States. 

States as having a contagious and infectious disease, known 
as splenetic or Southern fever among its cattle, shall be 
transported, driven, or caused to be driven, or allowed to 
stray at any time of the year across or into any portion of 
this State in which cattle are declared by the said Secre- 
tary of Agriculture as being exempted in whole or in part 
from the operations of the Federal regulations concerning 
transportation of cattle originating in certain areas : Pro- ■ 
rided, this section shall not apply to interstate traffic in 
cattle by rail or boat transacted in accordance with the 
Federal regulations relating thereto, or to uninfected cattle 
exempted by special permit of the United States Secretary 
of Agriculture: Provided further, that from November 
1 to December 31, inclusive, or such other dates as may be 
agreed upon between the said Secretary of Agriculture and 
the Commissioner of Agriculture of this State, cattle may 
be so transported, driven, caused to be driven, or allowed 
to stray when found free of infection upon inspection by 
officers of the United States Department of Agriculture, or 
under such regulations as may be hereafter agreed upon 
bv the said Secretarv and Commissioner. 



8 

inflct tnd a quar Sec. 5 - When cattle from the infected areas, as de- 

d? s t t i r I ict! xempted fined by the Secretary of the United States Department of 
Agriculture in the annual regulations concerning cattle 
transportation and the amendments thereof in the regula- 
tions of this Board, shall have moved or been moved in vio- 
lation of these regulations or their amendments, the feed- 
ing places, yards and pasturages upon which said cattle 
have been moved shall become infected districts and sub- 
ject to the same regulations as other infected areas; the 
limits of said infected area, shall be defined by the: extent of 
range allowed the animals from the infected areas and by 
the efficiency of the exclusion of other cattle from said 
infected districts : Provided, that all other cattle may be 
removed by permission of the Commissioner or his legal 
representative, from these newly infected districts at any 
time within twenty days, counting from the first day on 
which cattle from the infected areas invaded these dis- 
tricts. All cattle driven, pasturing or straying on an in- 
fected district after the twentieth day as aforesaid, shall be 
considered as infected cattle and subject to the same regula- 
tions as cattle from the infected areas, 
cattle ticks infect Sec. 6. Notice is hereby given that cattle infested with 

and quarantine d ° 

mcts. pted dls " the "Boophilus- bovis" or Southern cattle tick, disseminate 
• the contagion of the splenetic or Southern fever (Texas 
fever) ; therefore cattle 1 which are found in the exempted 
districts infested with the Boophilus bovis ticks shall be 
considered as infectious cattle and shall be subject to the 
regulations relating to cattle originating from proscribed 
areas. 

Tick infestfd Sec. 7. N" o cattle infested with ticks shall be led, driven 

cattle not allowed ' 

on highways. 01 , causec | | . D6 driven, or allowed to stray upon the high- 
ways or public roads of the exempted districts, or of any 
"stock law" or "no-fence law" district in this State, or be 
received into any market or stock-yard of these districts. 
Soner 8 toTn "Xti- Sec - 8 - Wlien the Commissioner of Agriculture shall 
dfsease P ° rted have good reason to believe, or have received credible in- 



9 

formation that a contagious or infections disease exists 
among the livestock of this State, or, in the case of the 
non-quarantine territory, that cattle ticks exist on cattle 
therein, the Commissioner shall cause the State Veterina- 
rian or other assistant to investigate said livestock, prem- 
ises and buildings, where the livestock suspected of being- 
diseased or harboring the cattle ticks are kept, and examine 
said livestock or animals, which have come in contact with 
the aforesaid livestock, for the presence of said suspected 
disease or cattle ticks. 

Sec. 9. Whenever any contagious or infectious disease orders com mis- 

'' ° sinner to quaran- 

of livestock shall exist in any portion of the State, or cattle ma^anTm'ake 1 ' 
ticks in exempted districts, the infected livestock or in- 
fected material which may convey disease, or both, or ani- 
mals which may have come in contact with such disease, 
shall be quarantined by the Commissioner of Agriculture 
on the premises, or in lots or buildings in which they may 
be found, until such time as danger from the spread of 
disease is past and all necessary disinfection is completed. 
The Commissioner of Agriculture is hereby directed to 
make, publish and enforce all other rules and regulations 
temporarily necessary to prevent the spread of contagious 
and infectious disease in livestock, and cause the disinfec- 
tion of infected premises by the tenant, owner or owners^ 
whenever and wherever necessary. 

Sec. 10. Whenever any contagious or infectious disease F ;''. 61ds -entrance 

° of livestock with- 

prevails among livestock in any State or Territory of the w'herfdVsease 6 
United States, or- any foreign country, livestock from saitrs?ates. m 
State or Territory shall not be admitted to Ibis State except 
when accompanied by a description or tag, or both, and 
certificate of absence of disease, or of contact with diseased 
animals, for thirty days prior to- shipment of said livestock. 
which certificate shall be approved by the State or Terri- 
torial Cattle Commissioner, Board of Health, or Veteri- 
narian in charge of the execution of livstock sanitary laws 
in the State whence the cattle originate, or, in the case of 



10 

: JS [Z9 .93J398 

a .foreign country, by the Secretary of the United States 
^Department of Agriculture, and be submitted to and ac- 
ceptable.to the Commissioner of Agriculture; said certifi- 
cate shall be presented before or at the time of the importa- 
tiun of the said livestock into this State. 
m^o^er S to t?m- 'Sec. li; " The Commissioner of Agriculture shall, upon 
Sne a counti"s r cm application of the Superintendent, or authorities, or live- 

application. mlvB ":,tn; , ., . ., 

stock men o± any county temporarily i or bid the entrance 
of any species of livestock from any infected county or 
.' counties until such time as danger of infection from said 
" infected" county or counties is past; this local quarantine 
" shall be published in local newspapers and sufficient notices 
shall be posted by the Commissioner of Agriculture on the 
highways at the county line. 
Directs com mis- ' g E0 ; Xz. The Commissioner of Agriculture is hereby 

sioner to publish eyrrrlTrmi'TQ/ 

mlpsfetc 118 ' directed' 4o publish the cattle quarantine laws and these 

regulations for control of contagious diseases of livestock, 
together with such maps as may be necessary, and such 
other "in iprmation as may pertain thereto, and distribute 
among me cattle men of this State. 

"Sec. ^L 3 v These regulations shall be in force on and 
"after January 1, 1900, and supersede those adopted by this 
BoarcTJune 2, 1899. 

,5X917 WO TO 'X 



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blE3 fifO'TI ~k 

has ,d.Jod i 
besfieslb dib 
teevil b'f 

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iO 98B9 9(1+ r 



PROCLAMATION OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR 1900. 



1ST. C. Department of Agriculture, 

Raleig-h, January 20, 1900. 
To Whom it May Concern' : 

In accordance with the agreement made between the Secretary of 
the United States Department of Agriculture and the Commissioner 
of this Department, as provided in the regulations controlling cattle 
traffic administered by these Departments, the following counties 
have been exempted from the annual Federal quarantine!: Alle- 
ghany, Ashe, Watauga, Mitchell, Yancey, Buncombe, Madison, Hen- 
derson, Transylvania, Haywood, Jackson, Macon, Swain, Graham, 
Clay and Cherokee. 

All cattle owners and others are hereby notified that the quaran- 
tine line is as described in the Federal regulations, Bureau of Animal 
Industry, Orders Nos. 19 to 55 inclusive, and future amendments, 
and that no cattle may be driven or allowed to stray from the re- 
maining counties of this State or from other States or portions 
thereof which are included in the Federal quarantine into any por- 
tion of the abovesaid counties after January 1, 1900. 

The enforcement of these orders strictly and completely will 
secure for the herein-mentioned counties an uninterrupted traffic with 
the open markets. 

Very respectfully, S. L. Patterson, 

O o mmissioner. 



INTERSTATE LIVESTOCK TRAFFIC RESOLUTION. 

At the meeting of the Board of Agriculture held in Raleigh March 
7, 1900, the following resolution, proposed by the Committee' on Con- 
tagious Diseases of Cattle, was passed without dissent. 



12 

Whereas, a regulation lias already been made by this Board 
providing that all cattle shipped here or otherwise introduced from 
other States, where contagious diseases exist, shall be accompanied by 
certificates of good health, and 

Whereas, this regulation has not yet been put in force, and 
further, many other States have already taken similar action, be it 

Resolved, That the Commissioner of Agriculture shall be in- 
structed at once to take the necessary steps to secure the enforcement 
of this regulation. 

In accordance therewith the following notices are issued : 

1. To stock-breeders of North Carolina. 

2. To all railroad, express and steamship companies, and common 
carriers doing business in North Carolina; and 

3. To livestock sanitary authorities. 

These notices call attention to the enforcement of the regulation 
in question, and it is expected that all will carry out its spirit and 
letter. S. L. Patterson, 

Cooper Curtice, Commissioner. 

Veterinarian, 



1ST. C. Department of Agriculture, 

Raleigh, May 1, 1900. 
To- Stock-Breeders of North Carolina: 

You are hereby notified that dangerous, destructive, communicable 
diseases exist in various parts of the United States ; tx>wit : Glanders 
and farcy in horses and mules, cattle ticks on, and tuberculosis in 
cattle, scab on sheep and other animals, and hog cholera in swine. 

Section 10 of the Regulations of the Board of Agriculture, adopted 
December 7, 1899, to prevent, the introduction of such communicable 
diseases, forbids the admittance into 1 this State of all livestock except 
when accompanied by a certificate of the livestock sanitary authorities 
of the State whence the livestock originate, that the said livestock are 
healthy in every respect. 

In purchasing livestock outside the State inform the breeder of 
whom you buy that a. certificate of health obtained from his livestock 



13 

authorities and bearing the endorsement of this Department must 
accompany the shipment in order to avoid trouble, vexatious delays, 
extra expense and introduction of disease. The certificate must 
include a tuberculin examination of cattle for all purposes other than 
immediate slaughter, or steers for feeding or work. 

By careful attention to' these points the breeding herds of this 
State may be kept free from diseases which are now harassing breed- 
ers of other States. 

Fifteen other States have now legislation to compel the examina- 
tion of breeding and dairy stock before or at the time- of importation. 

When breeders design shipping to' those States they should comply 
with their regulations, and avoid delays and entailed expense upon 
the arrival of the stock in those States. 

Those transferring cattle within the State are especially cautioned 
about accepting stock that have not been tested. Examinations save 
much trouble and loss, and guarantee healthy herds, if persevered in. 

Refer any question upon sanitary matters to this Department". 
I am very respectfully yours, 

S. L. Patterson 

Cooper Curtice, C ommissioner. 

Veterinarian. 



1ST. C. Department of Agriculture, 

Raleig-h, May 1, 1900. 

To all Bail road, Express and Steamship Companies and Common 
Carriers Doing Business in North Carolina : 

You are hereby notified that by virtue of the power conferred in 
the Act of General Assembly of ISTorth Carolina, entitled "An Act to 
Repeal Chapter Eighty-Five of the Laws of 1897, and to Reform 
the Department of Agriculture, Immigration and Statistics," ratified 
March 4, 1899, which act directs the Board of Agriculture to quar- 
antine animals infected with contagious diseases, to regulate the 
transportation of stock in this State, or from one section of it to 
another, and to cooperate with the United States Department of 
Agriculture in establishing and maintaining cattle districts or quar- 
antine lines, to prevent the infeetoin of cattle from splenic or Spanish 



14 

fever, etc., the Board of Agriculture *of this State did, on December 7, 
1899, make such regulations to take effect January 1, 1900, and 
supersede regulations adopted by it on June 2, 1899. 

By consulting the enclosed regulations and those of the United 
States Department of Agriculture promulgated at various dates you 
will note that they are of particular interest to you as common car- 
riers of livestock and as participants in the development of a livestock 
industry in this State. The particular orders of the United States 
Department of Agriculture referred to are its organic law creating 
the Bureau of Animal Industry, approved May 29, 1884; the recent 
amendments thereto; B. A. I. Order of April 15, 1887; its amend- 
ment dated December 13, 1895 ; and B. A. I. Orders JSTos. 49, 54, 56 
and 57. 

Your attention is invited to the following points : 

1. Under these regulations you can not legally handle any cattle 
consigned from the quarantined portion of the United States to the 
counties of this State that have been exempted from quarantine by the 
United States Secretary of Agriculture'. 

2. Under section 7, of the State Board regulations, you can neither 
legally deliver nor receive any tick-infested cattle into stockyards of 
any exempted or any stocklaw districts of this State. By carelessness 
of your agents in this respect the cattle pens west of the Blue Ridge 
have been closed by the Federal Government, and may be again, thus 
causing quarantine of all stock in that region. The enforcement of 
the order in the stocklaw region east, of the Ridge will hasten the day 
when it may be relieved from the burdensome restrictions of cattle 
traffic now placed upon it. 

3. Under section 10, of the Board regulations, you can not legally 
deliver livestock shipped into this State, unless the animals are accom- 
panied by a certificate of absence of disease, given by the livestock 
sanitary authorities of the State whence the livestock originates, and 
approved by this Department. Shipping tags bearing the acceptable 
form of certificate, will be supplied to sanitary authorities by this 
Department, 

Owing to the presence of communicable diseases in other States, 
fifteen of these have enacted laws excluding diseased livestock. In 
order to prevent their shipment into this State the above regulation 



15 

has become necessary. A few diseased animals introduced into our 
breeding herds will produce injury from which it will take years to 
recover. In demanding that the certificate of health shall accompany 
each shipment, the transportation companies are relieved of attention 
to the matter further than to see that each shipment' bears the certifi- 
cate, and refuse it without. This method least interferes with traffic 
when once understood. 

Your authority for refusing to ship livestock, without certificate is 
contained in B. A. I. Order, dated December 13, 1895. This pro- 
hibits the interstate transportation of animals affected with hog chol- 
era, tuberculosis, or sheep scab, and B. A. I, Order JNo. 56, dated 
December 28, 1899, which adds other diseases and livestock, includ- 
ing horses and goats, to the list. Since transportation companies can 
not act as experts in the detection of diseases in the livestock submit; 
ted to them for transportation, they may well r insist that. such stock 
be certified by the authorities of the State where accepted.""' 

In assisting in this movement to> secure healthy breeding stock for 
the farms in this State, and in preventing the spread of dangerous 

9JX1 .] q ■■ ;- 

communicable diseases, you will aid in the upbuilding of the farming 
industry, and add materially to the increased traffic which is depend- 
ent upon it. 

I am very respectfully yours, 

S. L. .Patterson 

1 6 J . ' 

Cooper Curtice, [Commissioner. 



Veterinarian. 



:~ 



1ST. C. Department of Agriculture, 

Baleigh, May 1, 1900. 

To Livestock Sanitary Authorities. , 

Gentlemen: — You are hereby notified that. the Board of Agricul- 
ture of this State has passed the accompanying regulations which 
includes one to prevent the introduction of diseases into this State 
through the importation of diseased livestock . ,from other States or 
foreign countries. See section No. 10. You will please notify your 
breeders of this action. 

The word livestock as therein used is synonymous with the word 
animals as used in the Federal regulations. See B. A. I. Order No. 



16 

56, page 2. It includes: Horses, asses and mules, neat cattle, 
sheep, and other ruminants, and swine. 

The word disease especially includes any of the following: 

Glanders and farcy, distemper, anthrax, Texas or splenetic fever, 
cattle ticks (Bjophihis bovis), tuberculosis, actinomycosis, variola, 
foot-rot, scab, hog cholera and swine plague, as specified in said order 
No. 56, but does not exclude other communicable diseases. 

Shipping tags which must accompany shipments into' this State 
will be furnished each Livestock Sanitary Board, or other authority 
en application. When used they should each be signed by the chief 
officer of the Board or other authority, and its Veterinarian, in the 
places left for the purpose. Descriptions of the animals must include 
such data as will serve to' identify them, and must be written on the 
back of the tags. 

The certificate which is acceptable is a duplicate of the shipping tag, 
and must be sent to this Department. All practicable known means 
of determining the absence of disease must be used by the inspector. 
A sworn copy of the tuberculin test in case of cattle designed for 
breeding or dairy purposes, must accompany the certificate. The 
tuberculin test should state the amount and manufacturer of the 
tuberculin used, give the temperatures taken at two-hour intervals 
from the tenth to the eighteenth hour after injection and other cus- 
tomary data. The test should especially state at what times previous 
tests had been made and the results. Examinations must be made by 
men approved by you. 

in insisting that the State which you represent presents satisf actory 
evidence that livestock destined for this State are healthy, this Depart- 
ment takes what it believes is the most economical method of dealing 
with livestock control for all concerned, and thereby avoids tedious 
delays and expenses after shipment of such livestock, which delays 
are incidental upon enforcement of quarantines and inspections en 
route. 

Your State has the necessary means of investigating surroundings 
and is especially interested in the upbuilding of its livestock industry 
and the reputation of the health fulness of its stock as breeding ani- 
mals. 




ISSUED BY THE N. C. STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE, RALEIGH. 

S. L. PATTERSON, CoMM.ssior.cn. T. K. BRUNER, 8tt;iT.«r. 

Compiled from data furnished by the County REGISTERS of DEEDS, 
by Cooper Curtice, State Veterinarian. 
LEGEND. 
T\ FENCE LAW OR FREE RANGE. NO FENCE OR STOCK LAW 

^^^^^^^^_U. S. AND N. C. CATTLE QUARANTINE LINE FOR 1900. 



This Department in turn proposes to furnish certificates of health 
for all livestock exported to' such of the States as demand them. 
I am very respectfully yours, 

S. L. Patterson", 
Cooper Curtice, Commissioner. 

Veterinarian. 



STOCKLAW MAP. 

The stocklaw map issued in this bulletin is represented as being 
fairly accurate, and as much so as it could be made at the time of 
compilation. Should there be noticeable inaccuracies, this Depart- 
ment will place on file all corrections sent to it. 

Corrections : Matthews Township, in Chatham County, has 
adopted stocklaw since the map was ordered. The small, isolated 
area of free range in Franklin County has also been abolished. An 
area, of free range, not noted in the map, still exists in jSTash County, 
The area of stocklaw in Madison County is much "larger than repre- 
sented, and will be corrected in a future edition of the map should 
such prove desirable. 

From all places in the stocklaw area comes the report of the 
improved quality of the livestock and the diminution of diseases other 
than tick fever. The numbers, while at first diminished, are thought 
to increase and become about the same as before the adoption, and in 
scone instances even more than during free range. The manifest 
benefits of stocklaw are such that universal approval conies from all 
within that area, and many without. The continually decreasing 
supply of fence timber, the cost of wire fences, and the increased 
acreage of cultivated lands worked by those who depend upon com- 
mercial fertilizers rather than livestock for enriching their land, will 
eventually end in the adoption of the stocklaw for the entire area of 
the State. 

By adopting stocklaw the necessity of providing pasturage at all 
seasons of the year becomes apparent, and is met by the stockowner. 
In feeding stock the fact that better bred animals yield better returns 
for the labor expended than the old style scrub stock, induces men 
to improve their farm animals, and care even more for them. The 



18 

revenue saved in fertilizers by confining cattle in pastures and yards, 
combined with the diversified farming that accompanies stockraising 
has been such that more and more are entering stockraising and stock- 
feeding, and adding to their prosperity. 

A glance at the map will show that from modest beginnings, made 
under a local option law about a quarter of a century ago in the 
vicinity of Mecklenburg and Cabarrus counties, the stocklaw has 
spread until it occupies more than half of the cultivable areas of the 
State. The portions it does not occupy are for the most part either 
heavily timbered mountain lands or the pine barrens of the southeast, 
or the poquosin and swamp districts of the east. Even in the moun- 
tains there are counties where the cattle are kept in pastures, and 
although they have not officially adopted stocklaw, their conditions 
are about the same as though they had. The counties of Ashe, Alle- 
ghany and part of Watauga, are referred to. 

One mountainous county east of the Blue Ridge is free range, and 
all counties, excepting Polk, bordering it, have a. strip of free range 
next the Ridge. The harmful effect that these areas have in perpet- 
uating licks and keeping the foot-hill counties in quarantine do not 
compensate those counties for the advantage derived from the free 
pasturage therein. They should be abolished. 

With the adoption of stocklaw for the foot-hill counties and their 
disinfection and an eastward setting over of the quarantine line, tlii'Xrj 
will be no danger so far as tick infection is concerned in continuing 
the free range of the mountains. The climate therein has always 
exterminated the ticks under the most adverse conditions. 

There is, however, a growing disposition in the mountains to adopt 
stocklaw, and take better care of cattle, and increase their improved 
stock and pasturage. The day is not far distant when large districts 
will be added to 1 the already large areas in the mountains. 

The cutting off of large areas from the free range in 1ST ash, Wilson, 
Johnston and Wayne counties, already shows that the time is not far 
distant when that now nearly isolated area will have entirely disap- 
peared. 

The recent action of Chatham County in its adoption of stocklaw 
for a whole township, the isolated areas in Moore, Cumberland and 
Harnett counties, as well as recent meetings held to consider the 



11) 

adoption of stock] aw in various districts, are very favorable signs 
pointing to the adoption of stocklaw in that region which is even 
now almost separated from the eastern free range by a stocklaw belt. 

The adoption of stocklaw is argued against by some on account of 
the expense to the region adopting it of the fence to be made. An 
examination of the map shows that less than twenty miles of fence 
would completely cut off the Wilson district, would all the ad- 
joining counties agree to it. This mileage, in contrast to that now 
unnecessarily kept up, is unimportant. The greater part of the dis- 
tance is already fenced. 

Less that twenty miles of fence would also cut off the Moore-Har- 
nett county area, and permit the use of hundreds of miles of fenc- 
ing, now kept up at great expense, for the enclosure of pastures in 
which cattle and hogs can be and will be better' fed than now. In 
addition, the expense now entailed by fences, can be turned into 
buildings and other permanent improvement. 

While the adoption of stocklaw by the entire State will not soon 
be realized, the writer can not refrain from pointing out that its 
adoption would be a great blessing to the free range counties and a 
protection to the livestock of the rest of the State from communicable 
diseases. Jt may here be pointed out that the day is surely corning 
when all of the stocklaw counties will be allowed free traffic in cattle 
with all markets of the world. At that time, if not before, all inter- 
course by steer teams and cattle' traffic between the free range infected 
by cattle ticks and the stocklaw counties, will be stopped, and the 
chief markets of the former for beef cattle in this State be cut off. 
The future of the livestock industry of this State for all parts will be 
aided by the adoption of universal stock laws. 

That such action is legitimate and just is at once apparent when 
the menace and loss to the industry of the State by cattle ticks and 
hog cholera, neither of which can be restrained under present condi- 
tions, is considered. 

The adoption of the stocklaw fence as a quarantine line, which will 
eventually follow, will not give protection to some of the citizens of 
the free range who are entitled to> it. A large and growing number 
now desire to raise stock to feed their surplus roughness to. These 
can feel no safety, and will always be in great risk of losing their 



20 

animals, so long as diseases are allowed to exist uncontrolled. These 
men are entitled to the protection of the State, and their need is suffi- 
cient warrant for the State to legislate in their behalf. 

All but three counties in South Carolina, and the greater part of all 
counties in Georgia, now have stocklaw. There can be. no- greater 
justification of the justice and the good effects of laws than their vol- 
untary local adoption by nearly all counties of three large States. 
These laws having passed their experimental stages, there remains 
but their adoption by the State for the few districts yet remaining. 



CONTKOL OF CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 

Section 8 of the State Board regulations directs the Commissioner 
of Agriculture, on information that contagious disease may exist in 
this State, to investigate the outbreak. Section 9 directs that' when 
sneh disease is found that every means shall be taken to prevent its 
further spread. 

These two sections contain all that is necessary to stop the spread 
of any outbreak, and are all the law that this State has upon the 
matter. The Department of Agriculture is the livestock sanitary 
authority to whom the farmers must look for protection from com- 
municable diseases. An examination of section 9 shows that there 
can be no attempt to destroy anyone's infected stock, but that they 
may be confined by the owner until there is no- longer any danger. 
It will be noticed that only contagious or infectious diseases are 
mentioned. It is not held anywhere that it is the business of the 
State to doctor animals that are afflicted with other non-communicable 
diseases. That is the business of the practicing veterinarian. This 
Department, however, answers such questions relating to' these 
diseases as may be answered, but fears that many of the letters of 
inquiry and the answers arrive too late to be of especial use- 
There are outbreaks of disease which are produced by food or other 
causes in many animals in such manner as to simulate contagious 
diseases. These should be reported promptly to this Department. 
They may be prevented. 

All outbreaks of diseases in animals should be reported, that this 



21 

Department may keep a record and take means to investigate, if nec- 
essary, and stop them. It is undoubtedly true that there is some hog 
cholera in the free range districts, but if these cases are not, reported 
this Department can not know how much there is of the disease, 
where the centers of infection are located or other facts necessary in 
order to intelligently pursue any plan of prevention. 

The same is true with regard to blackleg in young cattle, a disease 
occurring in some of the mountain counties. More accurate reports 
will help all concerned. 

It is thought on account of the campaign against ticks, that this 
Department does not deal with any other diseases than those of cattle. 
Those of horses, mules, sheep, goats, swine, and poultry are also 
included. The activity on account of splenic or tick fever is because 
of the greater damage clone, and the more pressing need for immediate 
attention. Other animals will be attended to as the occasion arises. 

Let all he prompt to report and care for outbreaks in, their own 
livestock, and it may be that they will save more than though they 
avoided information on the matter. 

Knowledge of sanitary matters saves much to the farmer. 



THE STATE FAIR. 

The exclusion of Southern cattle from Northern markets, except 
for immediate slaughter, has, during past years, been the cause of 
keeping Northern exhibitors from the Southern fairs, on account of 
the fear of the loss of their cattle from tick fever, and their inability 
to> return their cattle to their homes after exhibition. 

The accompanying correspondence and B. A. I. Order ISTo. 60 
show the steps that must be taken to secure exhibitors the privileges 
of returning, and assure them that no' harm will come to their cattle 
while here. 

The presence of ISTorthern cattle at the Fair last year was on account 
of similar arrangements made by the Veterinarian with the IT. S. 
Department for the fair authorities. It is expected that beef and 
dairy cattle may be made a special feature of the livestock exhibit 
this season. 



22 

1ST. C. Department of Agriculture, 

Raleigh, April 3, 1900. 

Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 

Sir : — I have the honor to repeat the request of last year 1 regarding 
the exemption of the State Fair Ground at Raleigh, 1ST. C. 

The State Fair authorities represent to me that these grounds 
have not been invaded by any cattle since the last Fair in 1899, and 
that none will be permitted on them until the forthcoming Fair. 

All cattle coining from north of the quarantine line are unloaded 
directly from cars into the grounds, and reloaded there when the 
exhibition is finished. • 

All cattle entering the ground from the surrounding city at the 
time of the Fair will be duly inspected, and no infected animals per- 
mitted to exhibit. 

We beg that you may consider the proposition favorably, and 
grant to our transquarantine visitors the right to return after their 
exhibition here. 

I am very respectfully yours, 

Cooper Curtice, 

Veterinarian. 



(B. A. I. Order No. 60.) 

SPECIAL ORDER PROVIDING FOR RETURN TO NON-INFECTED DISTRICT OF 
CATTLE EXHIBITED AT STATE FAIR AT RALEIGH, N. C. 

(Supplementary to B. A. I. Order No. 49.) 



IT. S. Department of Agriculture, 

Office of the Secretary, 

Washington, D. C, April 6, 1900. 

It is hereby ordered, That cattle from above the quarantine line, 

and which have been shipped directly from the non-infected district 

to the fair grounds at Raleigh, North Carolina, for exhibition at the 

State Fair of 1900, and which are returned without having been 



23 

unloaded elsewhere, be permitted to return as uninfected cattle, pro- 
viding they are accompanied by a certificate of the Veterinarian of the 
iSTorth Carolina Department of Agriculture showing that they have 
had no opportunity to become infected with the tick (Boophilus 
bovis) while at said grounds. 

(Signed) James Wilson, 

Secretary. 



HOW TO GET FREE TRAFFIC FOE CATTLE. 

The Federal quarantine of the cattle traffic of 81 counties of this 
State, while the traffic of 16 others is not interfered with, leads to a 
consideration of the means by which they too may obtain free traffic. 
The conditions of the stocklaw area are such that but little effort on 
the part of cattle owners is necessary to free its entire traffic. 

Each county interested should organize livestock clubs. When 
these are composed of the leading breeders their power for good in 
the county is felt, and the purposes for which they stand are advanced. 
Such clubs should have a chairman, a secretary, and an executive 
committee. The clubs should have the improvement of the livestock 
of their counties as their fundamental object. Purchase of breed- 
ing animals and marketing products by cooperation may enter into 
their business later. 

The clubs should, through their members, investigate their coun- 
ties, and learn on what farms ticks are present. When it is ascer- 
tained that they are either entirely absent, or on so few farms that 
these may be safely quarantined instead of the whole county, they 
should apply for relief from quarantine to the Commissioner of 
Agriculture. 

When they are situated next the quarantine line, this can be 
attained at least by the next season and possibly by inspection during 
the same season. The relief from quarantine carries with it the obli- 
gations of the exempted counties ; one of which forbids the entrance 
of cattle from quarantine counties, and the enforcement of the State 
Board regulations by the cattlemen. When situated within the quar- 



24 

antined area it is possible 1 that by exclusion of other cattle, exemption 
after inspection may be granted by the Federal Department of Agri- 
culture. In any case the dangers of losing cattle from tick fever will 
be done away with. 

If complete exclusion of tick-infested cattle of any county from 
the free range is desired by local quarantine, the Commissioner will, 
upon the appeal of the authorities the Superintendents, or livestock 
nioii of that county, order such quarantine as directed in section 11 
of the regulations. 

All owners of ticky cattle should be informed of the embarrassment 
to the cattle traffic tliey are keeping up by permitting ticks to infest 
their herds, and their attention directed to the means of destroying 
them. 

Whether clubs are formed or not each individual should make it 
his business to prevent ticky cattle from being driven on the public 
roads. Agents may be appointed by clubs to look after this. Xo 
single law can so quickly bring men to cleaning ticks from cattle 
as the knowledge that they are harmful, and that their being on cat- 
tle may cause their prosecution. 

jSTo ticks, no quarantine. 



1ST. C. Department of Agriculture, 

Raleigh, May 1, 1900. 
To Buyers of Improved Cattle : 

Acclimation disease in bulls has for years been a bar against im- 
provement by introducing thoroughbred stock. 

By observing a few precautions bulls may be brought to this State 
to any portion of the "stocklaw" district at any time of year, without 
danger of loss. 

If there are no cattle ticks on the cattle of the farm: Either 
transport the imported bull in a wagon from the depot (not unloading 
into the cattle pens), or drive him in the middle of the road after 
greasing bis legs, and do not allow, him to touch grass by the way. 
Grease them again when they arrive. Or on infested farms prepare 
a yard and shed in a field which has been cultivated during two years 



25 

and no cattle allowed thereon. Build a double fence, the inside 
being of high, tight boards, and the outer at a few feet distance of 
wire that will keep stock away. Provide shade. 

Set aside a special pen in which cows may be served. Clean each 
cow of all ticks before admitting her, and thoroughly grease her. 
When served take the cow away from this yard. 

Feed and water correctly, and allow plenty of exercise. 

A certificate stating that the bulls are not infected with any com- 
municable disease, and signed by the authorities of the State they 
started from, should accompany each importation. Buy any breed 
of cattle where quarantine regulations permit. 

Cooper Curtice, 

Veterinarian. 



BURIAL OF CARCASSES. 

There is no more certain way of spreading some diseases than by 
leaving carcasses exposed to carrion-feeders. 

Of the animals which spread hog cholera, the buzzard easily leads. 
Allowing the hogs to get at the carcasses is also a prolific means. If 
carcasses were deeply buried, or destroyed by other means, as burn- 
ing or rendering into soap-grease, much loss would be saved. 

The least that carcasses are moved about, and the most efficient 
means taken for their disposition, the better. The more careless a 
community is in regards to the disposition of carcasses, the more will 
it suffer on account, of communicable diseases. 

This Department has full authority to order the burial of animals 
dead of contagious diseases, and will do so whenever the sentiment 
of any community demands. 



PUBLIC WELFARE. 

The enforcement of the State Board regulation forbidding the use 
of the public roads in stock] aw counties by tick infested cattle, will, if 
enforced, prevent the spread of ticks. 



26 
SOME FACTS ABOUT CATTLE TICKS. 



Boophilus bovis, Curtice. 



Cattle ticks cause the quarantine of eighty-one counties in North 
Carolina. 

The cattle traffic in thirteen States and the Indian Territory is- 
seriously interfered with on account of cattle ticks. The cattle traffic 
in other States is constantly menaced in summer-time by them. 

Cattle ticks occur and transmit disease in South America, South 
Africa and Australia. 

Cattle ticks tax cattle owners by : 
Making cattle poor, Shutting off markets., 

Hindering good breeding, Preventing immigration,. 

Killing cattle, Lowering land values. 

Cattle ticks are instrumental in causing: 
Tick fever, Bloody murrain, 

Bed water, Pasture poisoning., 

Distemper, Acclimation fever, 

Texas fever, Town-cow disease, 

Splenic fever, Southern cattle fever, 

Spanish cattle fever, Carolina cattle distemper. 

Cattle ticks kill more cattle than all other diseases in the South. 
They are loathsome, detestable, destructive, virulent, venomous, but 
easily exterminable pests. 

Cattle ticks are called: "Oldfield ticks," "Shingle ticks," "Blue 
ticks," "Fever ticks," "Dog ticks," and other names. 

All large female ticks look much alike. They are all harmful, and 
live upon blood. The three most common kinds of ticks are: The cat- 
tle tick, which has a chestnut-brown head ; the "lone star" tick, which 
. has a bright metallic spot on the back of its head ; and the dog tick 
(also called the deer tick, bear tick or terrapin tick), which has a 
whitish border around its head. 

Life History of Ticks. 

1. Female drops to the ground. 

2. Interval two days. 



27 

3. Egg-laying occupies two weeks. 

4. Hatching occupies three weeks. 

5. Seed ticks lie in wait for cattle. 

6. Attached to cattle from three to four weeks. 

7. Old ticks drop off, lay eggs, and die. 

Least time from the egg to egg-laying, six weeks. 

The shortest time of life cycle is in hot, moist weather. The long- 
est time is in cool weather. It may occupy from two to three months. 

Seed ticks may lie in wait on grass for months. In bottles with 
moisture they have been kept for four months without food. They 
will hatch from eggs kept in stoppered bottles or wrapped in brown 
paper, and laid away in a warm, but not too dry, place. All should 
try this. In dry bottles, and in papers kept in dry places, they 
perish more quickly. They do not live on plant food, nor grow in 
the least before they get on cattle. Probably all die in winter time. 
.Tick eggs laid in fall on the approach of the winter, probably do 
not all perish but survive in the egg condition, and hatch on the 
return of warm weather. 

In districts where the cold season is relatively short, it is probable 
that ticks are never absent from cattle from one season to another, and 
these perpetuate the pests. 

Ticks never migrate far of themselves. They are always carried 
by cattle from place to place. The seed ticks may crawl to the near- 
est grass stalk and climb to the top. Bunches are frequently seen 
thus. They have not been known to cross a fence into the next pas- 
tures. They may be blown there by the wind or carried on straws 
or washed there by rains. These accidents do not often happen, so 
that it is universally accepted that a fence is security against tick 
fever. But their presence in adjoining pastures is a constant menace 
to others. 

Cattle that have been infested by ticks may be known by the scars 
— little pits — that may be seen on the inside of the thighs. The scars 
are made by short hairs. Such cattle are immunes, and may be pas- 
tured anywhere without danger. 

Calves when infected by ticks get sick, recover, and are thereafter 
not affected by ticks. Older cattle rarely live through the disease 
when inoculated by ticks for the first time. 



28 
HOW TO KILL TICKS. 



By Cooper Curtice.- Veterinarian. 



The hand is the best and the cheapest picking machine. It is 
always ready and always sure. Hand-picking for large ticks is the 
cheapest method for all farms east of the Mississippi River. The 
ticks should be preserved against further trouble by dropping them in 
a can of kerosene. I used to advise carefully grinding them in the 
dirt to destroy them, but several men have informed me that a cup of 
kerosene sitting in some handy place is far more certain death. All 
the cattle should be carefully searched daily, until it is quite certain 
that no more can get on them. Tame cattle appreciate the act of 
relieving them, and will allow the ticks to be picked off anywhere. 
Wild catle should be confined in a chute. Light is necessary. Small 
ticks may be felt by smoothing the hand over the hairs. 

Small tick's are best killed, and seedticks kept from getting on, by 
kerodard mixture put on with a brush and well rubbed in, so that it 
thoroughly greases them. For each gallon of kerosene use one gallon of 
lard and one pound of sulphur flowers. A quart of pine tar may be 
added. Melt the lard, put in the sulphur, and bring the oil to the 
boiling point. Stir up the sulphur a few times. Take from the 
fire, allow to cool somewhat, and add the kerosene. When cool 
enough, stir to mix in the sulphur. Some say that cotton-seed oil and 
sulphur are better. Examine the cattle the day after greasing, to see 
if the ticks are still kicking. Some may be found at this time which 
escaped the greasing. If the cattle are to be turned on tick infested 
pastures keep up the greasing and watching so long as any are left; 
which will be throughout the season. 'Next season there will be none. 
If cattle are turned into clean pastures there will be no need of exam- 
inations after the first lot are killed, but none may be allowed to 
escape. 

Mr. E. H. Ricks, of Rocky Mount, recommends the following mix- 
ture, which will also keep flies off: Fish oil, one gallon; kerosene, 
one quart ; linseed oil, two quarts ; pine tar, two quarts ; carbolic acid, 
two tablespoon ful s ; mix and apply with a broombrush or old shoe- 
brush. 



29 

Picking ticks and greasing requires but a short time of careful 
work each day, for all ordinary herds. It is best done by young peo- 
ple under supervision of a person of experience. Thoroughness 
saves much time and labor. Large herds may be handled much 
cheaper than is at first apparent by the same processes. During the 
last five years many herds have been entirely freed by these processes. 



TO AVOID TICKS. 

Don't permit a ticky cow to come on your farm. 

Don't drive your cattle where ticky cattle may have been. 

If your cattle are ticky, clean them and put them on cultivated 
pasture lands. 

If your cattle are ticky, and you have enough clean pasturage or 
forage that you can use, put them in a clean pen or pasture and leave 
them for three weeks, no longer. Take them out, and put them into 
another, and leave there three more. Then examine closely, and if 
entirely free put them in your large pasture. If not, put them into 
another pen for a week or two, when they surely will be clean. Then 
change them. These changes are made before the young ticks can 
hatch out, and they are consequently left in the pens to die out at 
their leisure. 

If your cattle are ticky, and you have not the means of following 
this plan, pick the ticks, grease the cattle, and repeat the operation 
daily. You will succeed. It is easier than one thinks. 

A good time to attack the tick problem is in the fall when the pas- 
tures, afforded by clearing off the crops, are available. The free range 
or fence-law country is in excellent shape to take advantage of such 
fields as all are under fence, and the cattle that come off the range 
may be cleansed and immediately put upon them. 

If all the cattle of the free range are treated in this manner, the 
free range will disinfect itself by the opening of spring. All the 
cattle should be taken up by September. Try it. 



30 



TO PKEYENT SEED TICKS. 

Seed ticks are the young- of large ticks, and are just as they emerge 
from the egg-shell. They never get any larger, nor do they eat until 
they get on cattle. If they can not get upon cattle, they finally starve 
to death. 

Keeping cattle from infected places for a year has disinfected 
these places. It is probable that removing cattle from an infected 
field as late as September 1st, will disinfect it by February. It is not 
probable that fields infected during summer are ever disinfected by 
the starvation process the same year. 

Winter probably kills all the seed ticks, but does not kill the late 
laid eggs, which hatch on approach of warm weather. Still some of 
these may be killed. Some ticks live over on the cattle, and their eggs 
carry the stock for the year. 

Fire kills seed ticks, but it is not advisable to use fire at all 
times, for it destroys leaves which should cover the ground in woods - , 
and timber and much vegetable matter, which should enrich the land. 

Cultivation, by covering the ticks and starving them out, always 
disinfects. Pastures following grain or other crops are always free, 
until reinfected by the cattle. 

Killing the large ticks prevents the seed ticks. All ticks hatch 
from eggs laid by large ticks. 



TICK FEYEK AND TKEATMENT. 

The disease known as splenic fever in cattle is essentially a blood 
disease. It is due to the attacks of parasites introduced into the 
blood by ticks, and their enormous increase. These parasites destroy 
the corpuscles (little bodies )of the blood which carry the red coloring 
matter. The coloring substance of the blood is given off in the urine 
and makes it red. The death of the red corpuscles is accompanied 
by intense fever, and exceedingly great emaciation of the body. This 
is most apparent in animals which recover. Toward the end of the 
fever the skin, where it can be seen, gets very white, and little, pale 



31 

blood runs from slight cuts. The liver gets yellow. The spleen 
very large, and when cut looks like mulberry jam. The bladder 
usually contains red urine. The gall bladder is usually full of thick 
bile. 

The. disease begins about five days after the seed ticks get on the 
cattle, and is finished as a rule in less than fourteen days. The cattle 
usually die a day or two after the farmer notices that they are sick. 
The first indication can only be told by a thermometer; but farmers, 
(if not provided with one), can get some idea of prevailing fever a 
day or two before the animal shows other symptoms of illness, by 
feeling of the skin with the hand. 

Treatment. 

All treatment of tick fever is uncertain in its results, but by fol- 
lowing the proposed course you will save as many of the animals as 
by any other. 

The affected animals rarely have large ticks upon them. The ticks 
are usually no larger than wheat grains. All these should be greased 
and worked off. Other cattle should be greased and removed entirely 
from the infected pastures. The sick should be put into the coolest 
place on the farm, and in the shade at least. Green corn blades or 
other tender and green stuff should be put within their reach, and 
plenty of water. Give in three equal doses, a pound and a half of 
Glaubers salts. These salts should be dissolved in a quart of warm 
water, with a teaspoonful of ground ginger added for each dose. Give 
each eight hours apart. For smaller animals use proportionally 
smaller doses. 

Keep watch of all the animals, and at the first sign of fever, give 
the physic. Feed all cattle in which the disease may be expected on 
the tenderest green feed available. If any recover, do- not force 
them on to dry food or grain too fast, as they can not digest as much 
as they could before they were taken sick. Their appetite usually 
regulates these matters. They will be a long time picking up their 
flesh again. If they live beyond the fourth or fifth day after they 
are seen to be sick, their chances of recovery are good. 



32 



THE TOW-COW DISEASE. 



By Cooper Curtice, Veterinarian. 



Throughout the South, especially in counties where stocklaw pre- 
vails, there has for a long time been a. disease which kills the town 
cows. This disease has been variously ascribed to the pasturage, 
weeds, weather, water, dry food, and every other imaginable cause, 
but the right one. 

All these cattle have died, it is probable, from tick fever. Previous 
to the shutting out of ticky cattle from Richmond, Virginia, the resi- 
dents used to lose hundreds of cattle. All this was ascribed to the 
water, and malarial disease. Since then this loss has been totally 
stopped, and cattle are as healthy there as anywhere; but the reopen- 
ing of traffic would again bring on the same plague. 

The same thing is happening every year in this State. It is pro- 
duced by these causes : Calves are raised all through the stocklaw 
region under conditions in which it is impossible for 1 them to become 
infected by the tick fever. They may live for twoi or three years, or 
even more, without becoming infected. But sooner or later they get 
moved around and driven on ticky roads or pastures, become infected, 
and either die or recover after a long and dangerous illness. 

The infection of these cattle is brought about by other cattle which 
are permitted to spread ticks on the roads, or 1 on the pastures. 

Those people who think that it makes no< difference if the cattle of 
others are ticky, are the losers. The uninformed owners of ticky 
cattle are responsible for the spread of disease quite as much so as if 
they were carrying a deadly poison in their pocket, which unknown to 
them, leaked out to poison the herbage. The informed are criminally 
negligent. The rich man's, poor man's,and the dairyman's cow all die 
of the same carelessly-spread disease. The ticks are cowkillers, and re- 
spect no man's stock; the better the stock the more danger of the 
disease. 



KILL THE TICKS. 



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